SRAI Journal of Linguistics and Social Sciences
type: channel
description: The SRAI Journal of Linguistics and Social Sciences is a peer-reviewed publication that showcases research in linguistics, communication, culture, and social sciences. It promotes scholarly exchange and innovative studies addressing language and societal issues worldwide.
publisher: School Of Research and Innovation
language: en
publication name: SRAI Journal of Linguistics and Social Sciences
issn: 3134-7355
copyright: © Author(s). This article is published as Open Access under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
items: English Language Learning Anxiety and Motivation Among Bangladeshi Secondary and Higher Secondary Students: A PRISMA-Guided Systematic Review
items: The Role of International Aid and Cooperation in Strengthening Water Management Capacity in Afghanistan
items: Persian-Arabic Compound Loanwords in the Bengali Language
items: KALUMUNAN: REDISCOVERING DIBABAWON LEXEMES THROUGH THE LENS OF VISAYAN-DIBABAWON GEN Z SPEAKERS
items: Globalisation, Capitalism, and Imperialism: A Critical Analysis of Contemporary Strategies of Economic and Political Domination in the Global South
items: THE ROLE OF PRIVATE SECURITY ORGANIZATIONS ON NATIONAL SECURITY
items: WAR AND PEACE IN THE NEW GLOBAL ORDER
items: Iconization, of Beer Advertising and Patronage of Select Beers by Ibo Students of University Of Uyo
items: A Study of the Relationship Between the Pashto Language and Indo-Aryan Languages
items: Expression of Emotions in The Norwegian-American Immigrant Letters, 1838-1848
items: Collaborative Learning To Develop English Language Skills
items: Education Attainment of Children of Economic and Refugee Immigrants in the United States
items: ELEMENTS OF ART
items: A Glance on the Portrayal of Socio-economic Class Differences Among its Characters in the Novel "A Place Called Home" by Preeti Shenoy
items: mBanking and Financial Empowerment of Rural Women
items: Pre-Darwinian Muslim Scholars’ Views on Evolution
items: Heritage or Hurdle? Understanding the Decline of Urdu Among Pakistani Immigrants
items: Status of Minorities in Islam
items: Sadequain: Conceptions and Misconceptions
items: TRADITIONAL MATERIALS USED BY THE MINIATURE ARTISTS AN INTRODUCTORY STUDY
items: Some Issues with the Orientalists’ Urdu-English Dictionaries
items: Students’ Belief about Arabic and Arabic Learning in Pakistani Universities
items: Abdul Majid Daryabadi and Orientalists’ Biographies of the Holy Prophet (PBUH)
items: A Study of the English Translations of Kashf al-Mahjub
items: Creativity is Life and Life is Creativity
items: Art Criticism in Pakistan: A Dilemma
items: Behind The Veil: An Analytical study of political Domination of Mughal women
items: DISINTEGRATING SELVES: EXPLORING THE POSTCOLONIAL IDENTITY IN BILAL TANWEER’S THE SCATTER HERE IS TOO GREAT
items: Arab rule in Pakistan(A Historical Study of the Abbasid period)

English Language Learning Anxiety and Motivation Among Bangladeshi Secondary and Higher Secondary Students: A PRISMA-Guided Systematic Review
type: item
description: In this PRISMA-based systematic review, the author has compiled information from easily accessible scholarships on the topic of English learning anxiety and motivation of Bangladeshi secondary and higher secondary students. The question of the review is what are the conceptualizations of anxiety and motivation; what are the factors reported again and again in the classroom and in assessment; and what are the gaps in the research for the future? English learning, anxiety, motivation, secondary, higher secondary and Bangladesh were used in combinations to identify papers in ERIC, in Google Scholar-visible search, at publisher search websites and in Bangladeshi Journal portals. Finally, duplicates and irrelevant sources of literature were eliminated, and the findings of studies and review literature pertaining to English anxiety and directly related to motivation and/or demotivation or to English related affective variables at large were narratively synthesized. The findings indicate that the Bangladeshi learners seem to be instrumentally motivated in spite of examinations, higher education and employment; however, issues like fear of negative evaluation, anxiety of speaking, anxiety of tests, lack of communication practice and teacher-centered pedagogy and rural-urban disparity factor may weaken the motivation. Motivation and anxiety work together, not mutually exclusive, so a high degree of career-oriented motivation can go hand-in-hand with silence, low levels of confidence and anxiety. The review suggests that classroom settings must minimize ridicule, provide ample opportunity for low-stakes grade-level English, incorporate a balance of exam rehearsal and communication, while also providing an opportunity for teachers to learn to systematically address affective elements in language learning in resource-limited settings. Longitudinal and intervention designs should be used in future empirical research. Policy and assessment implications are indicated. Received: 26…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: English learning anxiety, motivation, systematic review, Bangladesh, secondary, higher secondary students, EFL
  topic: keywords
creator: Tanvir Mostafa
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Tanvir Mostafa (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-02
publication date: 2026-07-02
starting page: 03
ending page: 16
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.21204549

The Role of International Aid and Cooperation in Strengthening Water Management Capacity in Afghanistan
type: item
description: Afghanistan’s water sector faces serious challenges due to protracted conflicts, climate change, weak institutional capacities, inadequate infrastructure, and limited financial resources. These challenges have reduced the country’s ability to effectively manage its water resources and have affected the process of sustainable development. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assess the role of international assistance and cooperation in strengthening Afghanistan’s water management capacities. The study was conducted based on a qualitative method and used thematic and descriptive analysis methods. Data were collected through relevant academic articles, reports, and semi-structured interviews with 50 experts related to water management, international development, and international relations. The study was conducted based on the theoretical framework of international development to assess the impact of foreign assistance and cooperation on the development of Afghanistan’s water sector. The findings of the study show that international aid and cooperation have played a significant role in strengthening Afghanistan’s water management capacities through financial support, technical assistance, infrastructure development, technology transfer, and capacity-building programs. Also, based on the thematic analysis, five main themes emerged: water management problems and needs, key areas of international cooperation, the impact of international aid, barriers to cooperation, and alternative solutions for sustainable water management. However, political instability, security problems, weak coordination between relevant institutions, lack of local ownership, and weak long-term planning are still considered important obstacles to the effectiveness of international aid. The study recommends that coordination between international donors, development agencies, and national institutions be strengthened, sustainable funding mechanisms be established, technical capacity-building pr…
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Keywords: International Aid, International Cooperation, Water Management Capacity, Sustainable Development, Capacity Building.
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohammad Alam Amin
creator: Imranullah Akhtar
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mohammad Alam Amin, Imranullah Akhtar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-02
publication date: 2026-07-02
starting page: 27
ending page: 36
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.21204701

Persian-Arabic Compound Loanwords in the Bengali Language
type: item
description: The present research examines Persian–Arabic compound loanwords in the Bengali language. As one of the major branches of the Indo-European languages in South Asia, Bengali has, over the centuries, been profoundly influenced by cultural, commercial, and literary interactions with both Persian and Arabic. The primary aim of this study is to identify the domains of phonological change and identification of semantic domains in which Persian–Arabic compound words are most prominently represented. Adopting a linguistic analytical approach, the study investigates the extent of influence of these compound loanwords on contemporary Bengali and demonstrates their strong presence across administrative, religious, literary, economic, social, political, and informal conversational registers. The research corpus consists of data collected from everyday spoken interactions and interviews with native Bangladeshi speakers. Field observations further reveal that several of these words have undergone noticeable phonological and semantic adaptations. Overall, this study underscores the importance of Persian–Arabic compound loanwords in enriching the Bengali lexicon and highlights their role in shaping the linguistic and cultural identity of the region. Received: 04-02-2026 | Revised: 20-02-2026 | Accepted: 06-03-2026 | Published: 31-03-2026
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Persian- Arabic, compound loanword, Bengali language, Bangladesh
  topic: keywords
creator: Mumtahhina Khatun
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Mumtahhina Khatun (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 41
ending page: 52
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20490317

KALUMUNAN: REDISCOVERING DIBABAWON LEXEMES THROUGH THE LENS OF VISAYAN-DIBABAWON GEN Z SPEAKERS
type: item
description: The rise of intercultural communication, globalization, and education has significantly impacted the linguistic acculturation of Gen Z. The study aimed to analyze the occurrence of linguistic code-mixing among Gen Z about intercultural communication and the impact of globalization. The experiences of ten Gen Z students from various ethnolinguistic backgrounds at U.M. Tagum College were investigated using descriptive phenomenology in this study. Participants were interviewed to gather data on their contextual experiences, compensation strategies, and perspectives on linguistic code-mixing. The findings revealed significant aspects such as personal attributes for adjusting to languages, communication challenges, coping strategies, language adaptation, and language interference. Moreover, the research indicated that Gen Z Indigenous People are encountering a code-mixed of their native language, the Dibabawon lexemes, and the prevailing language, Bisaya. They unconsciously incorporate Dibabawon terms into the Visayan community, causing confusion among non-native speakers. Consequently, the choice of language depends on the situation, with the native language playing a pivotal role in shaping the identity of Gen Zs. The study's results underscore the intricate relationship between language, culture, and identity, underscoring the necessity of language policies and educational initiatives that promote the preservation and respect for native languages among Gen Z. Received: 12-02-2026 | Revised: 26-02-2026 | Accepted: 10-03-2026 | Published: 31-03-2026
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Code mixing
  topic: keywords
subject: Indigenous speakers
  topic: keywords
subject: adaptation
  topic: keywords
subject: Inter-ethnic
  topic: keywords
subject: Gen Z
  topic: keywords
creator: Genesis Genelza
creator: STEVEN SHEEN CUBEROS
creator: ANGELENE SUMILHIG
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Genesis G. Genelza, STEVEN SHEEN A. CUBEROS, ANGELENE L. SUMILHIG (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 51
ending page: 73
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20605845

Globalisation, Capitalism, and Imperialism: A Critical Analysis of Contemporary Strategies of Economic and Political Domination in the Global South
type: item
description: The contemporary global order is profoundly shaped by the intertwined dynamics of globalisation, capitalism, and imperialism, particularly in their impact on the Global South. This article critically examines how modern forms of imperialism operate as strategies of economic and political domination under neoliberal globalisation. Drawing on classical and contemporary perspectives in political economy, the study argues that while imperialism predates capitalism, its modern manifestation is deeply embedded in capitalist expansion and the imperatives of capital accumulation. Globalisation, often presented as a neutral process of integration, is interrogated as a structural mechanism through which advanced capitalist states and transnational corporations penetrate, restructure, and dominate the economies and political institutions of developing countries. Anchored theoretically in Dependency Theory, the paper explores key strategies of contemporary imperialism, including unequal trade relations, debt dependency, multinational corporate dominance, military interventions, and digital and green forms of resource extraction. Empirical illustrations from Nigeria demonstrate how these strategies perpetuate dependency and socio‑economic inequality in the Global South while consolidating wealth and power in the Global North. By situating current global power relations within a historical continuum of imperial practices, the study challenges liberal narratives of development and modernisation. Ultimately, it contends that contemporary globalisation represents a reconfiguration rather than a rupture of imperial domination, underscoring the need for critical alternatives that prioritise sovereignty, social justice, and equitable global relations. Received: 01-05-2026 | Revised: 01-06-2026 | Accepted: 20-06-2026 | Published: 02-07-2026
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Globalisation
  topic: keywords
subject: Capitalism
  topic: keywords
subject: Imperialism
  topic: keywords
subject: Global South
  topic: keywords
subject: Economic Domination
  topic: keywords
subject: Political Domination
  topic: keywords
creator: Olalekan Idowu JIMOH
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Olalekan Idowu JIMOH (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-02
publication date: 2026-07-02
starting page: 37
ending page: 64
doi: 10.66230/gtj4dv79

THE ROLE OF PRIVATE SECURITY ORGANIZATIONS ON NATIONAL SECURITY
type: item
description: Private security organizations (PSOs) have become indispensable actors in the contemporary security architecture of states, especially in developing nations such as Nigeria where public law enforcement agencies are overstretched. As non-state actors, PSOs complement the efforts of government security institutions in protecting lives, property, and critical infrastructure. However, their growing influence raises important questions regarding regulation, accountability, professionalism, and coordination within the broader framework of national security. This paper critically examines the role of private security organizations in enhancing national security in Nigeria, with reference to comparative experiences from other countries. Using both theoretical and empirical perspectives, it discusses their contributions, challenges, and implications for sustainable security governance. The study concludes that while Private security organizations (PSOs) significantly reduce the burden on public security institutions, effective regulation, training, and partnership frameworks are essential to maximize their impact. Received: 15-05-2026 | Revised: 04-06-2026 | Accepted: 20-06-2026 | Published: 02-07-2026
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Private Security, Organisations, National Security.
  topic: keywords
creator: Nura Umar Manya Manya
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Nura Umar Manya Manya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-07-02
publication date: 2026-07-02
starting page: 17
ending page: 26
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.21204646

WAR AND PEACE IN THE NEW GLOBAL ORDER
type: item
description: The dynamics of war and peace have undergone profound transformations in the 21st century, shaped by shifts in global power structures, technological advancements, ideological realignments, and the increasing influence of non-state actors. This paper interrogates the evolving patterns of conflict and cooperation within the new global order—characterized by multi-polarity, strategic rivalry, fragmented multilateralism, and hybrid threats. Drawing on contemporary literature and grounded in key international relations theories, the study demonstrates that modern conflict is increasingly complex, multidimensional, and transnational. Meanwhile, pathways to sustainable peace require an integration of diplomacy, global governance reforms, normative frameworks, and adaptive security architectures. Methodologically, the paper employs qualitative content analysis of scholarly publications, policy documents, conflict indices, and institutional reports. The study concludes that achieving durable peace necessitates a re-calibration of global institutions and strengthened cooperation across states, civil society, and international organizations. Received: 22-01-2026 | Revised: 04-02-2026 | Accepted: 18-02-2026 | Published: 31-03-2026
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: War, peace, global order, multi-polarity, conflict transformation, international security, peace building.
  topic: keywords
creator: Nura Umar Manya Manya
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Nura Umar Manya Manya (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 35
ending page: 40
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20301676

Iconization, of Beer Advertising and Patronage of Select Beers by Ibo Students of University Of Uyo
type: item
description: This study examines the influence of iconization in beer advertising on the patronage of select beers among Ibo students of the University of Uyo, Nigeria. Iconization refers to the use of symbols, images, or personalities to represent a brand and create a desirable image. The research investigates how iconization in beer ads shapes students' perceptions and preferences for specific beer brands. Using a survey research design, data was collected from 100 Ibo students through questionnaires. Findings reveal that iconization significantly influences beer patronage, with students more likely to choose beers associated with aspirational lifestyles, cultural symbols, or celebrity endorsements. The study also identifies key factors driving beer preferences, including taste, brand image, and peer influence. Results suggest that beer marketers can leverage iconization strategies to appeal to young adult consumers in Nigeria's competitive beer market. The study contributes to understanding the interplay between advertising, cultural identity, and consumption patterns among young Nigerians. Recommendations are made for targeted marketing strategies that align beer brands with the aspirations and values of Ibo students and similar demographics. Received: 10-01-2026 | Revised: 24-01-2026 | Accepted: 08-02-2026 | Published: 31-03-2026
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Iconization, beer advertising, patronage, Ibo students, University of Uyo, Nigeria
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Oyokunyi Ita
creator: Idoreyin Ekanem
creator: Uka Nwagbara
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Oyokunyi Ita, Idoreyin Ekanem, Uka Nwagbara (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 03
ending page: 18
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20152064

A Study of the Relationship Between the Pashto Language and Indo-Aryan Languages
type: item
description: Pashto is a historic language of the northeastern subgroup of the Aryan branch within the Indo-European language family. Based on its phonological, morphological, and syntactic features, it is directly descended from its parent Aryan language and is coexistent in origin with Avesta and Sanskrit. Within the Indo-European family, Pashto has well-maintained grammatical features of both Aryan and Indo-Aryan languages; therefore, it has at times been considered either Aryan or Indo-Aryan. Due to the presence of certain shared linguistic features with Indo-Aryan languages, some orientalists, local historians, researchers, and even some Pashtuns themselves have at various times classified Pashto among Semitic, Indo-Aryan, or Aryan languages. This study demonstrates that Pashto, as an independent earliest Aryan language, has directly grown from the Aryan parental language. Owing to geographical proximity and contact with Indo-Aryan languages, it has incorporated certain phonological and morphological features of those languages into its structure and has also borrowed a number of lexical items from them. Since this research is limited to examining the position and relationship of Pashto with Indo-Aryan languages, the findings expose that Pashto has assumed some phonetic characteristics and linguistic principles of Indo-Aryan languages and combined them into its own system. As a qualitative study, the collected data have been analyzed and interpreted through a comparative approach. Received: 14-01-2026 | Revised: 24-01-2026 | Accepted: 30-02-2026 | Published: 31-03-2026
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Aryans, Pashto, Indo-Aryan, relationships
  topic: keywords
creator: solizay Solizay
creator: Prof. Dr. Azizullah Jabarkhil
rights: Copyright (c) 2026 solizay Solizay, Prof. Dr. Azizullah Jabarkhil (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
date: 2026-03-31
publication date: 2026-03-31
starting page: 19
ending page: 34
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.20154599

Expression of Emotions in The Norwegian-American Immigrant Letters, 1838-1848
type: item
description: Emotions are integral to human mobility. However, research on the expression of emotions in the letters of early immigrants is often neglected. This study on emotional expressions in early Norwegian-American immigrant letters, exchanged between 1838 and 1848, is a case in point. This article explores the dynamics in emotional expressions in the early letters of Norwegian-American immigrants. It shows how immigrants expressed their emotions in the letters addressed to their family members, neighbours and friends. This article also investigates the presence of emotional calls in the immigrant letters,which successfully pulled more people from Norway to America. Unlike many other early immigrant groups, Norwegian immigrants in America were satisfied with their migrationexperience and expressed more positive emotions in their home-going letters than negative ones. Considering the lack of research on the emotional aspects of migration, this paper recommends conducting more studies on this area.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Emotions; Immigrant letters; Norwegian-American immigrants
  topic: keywords
creator: Matiul Hoque Masud
creator: Nils Olav Østrem
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 SRAI Journal of Linguistics and Social Sciences
date: 2023-12-14
publication date: 2023-12-14
starting page: 3
ending page: 14

Collaborative Learning To Develop English Language Skills
type: item
description: Collaborative learning is an approach to teaching that makes maximum use of collaborative and interactive activities involving pairs and small groups of learners in the classroom.Students learn best when they are actively involved in the learning process Researchers report that students working in small groups tend to learn more of1what is taught and retain it longer then when the same content is presented in other instructional formats Students who work in collaborative groups fare well in their classesCollaborative instructional system advocates groups of three & five students to solve a problem or pose a question for an answer. In large classes groups so formed can be particularly useful to check on students understanding of the materials as also giving them an opportunity to apply what they are learning or to facilitate their learningCollaborative learning has currently been employed in many institutions as a way of promoting communicative interaction in the classroom and is viewed as a learner-centered approach to teaching with advantages over teacher-fronted classroom methods Collaborative learning fosters the development of critical thinking, discussions, clarification of ideas and evaluation of others ideas.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Classroom, learner-centred, critical thinking, facilitator, collaborative
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. K.P.Padmaja
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 SRAI Journal of Linguistics and Social Sciences
date: 2023-06-14
publication date: 2023-06-14
starting page: 19
ending page: 24

Education Attainment of Children of Economic and Refugee Immigrants in the United States
type: item
description: This paper analyzes the educational attainment of second-generation economic and refugee immigrants. Data from the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study (CILS) survey are used to estimate two measures of educational outcomes: securing a college degree, and years of schooling completed. Results show that, on average, children of refugees have educational attainment outcomes that are on par with those of the children of economic immigrants. They have similar odds of college degree achievement and are also as likely to acquire similar years of schooling as the children of economic immigrants. Accounting for important controls such as parents’ socio-economic status index do not affect the results.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Children of immigrants; Education;Immigration class
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdihafit Shaeye
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 SRAI Journal of Linguistics and Social Sciences
date: 2023-06-14
publication date: 2023-06-14
starting page: 11
ending page: 18

ELEMENTS OF ART
type: item
description: The line is the distance between two points or two boundaries, which is very narrow and the direction of motion dictates. But symbolic of the line under the art aspect there is significance, and it reflected the expression and flow of the form. A Line thus, can be said a symbolic mark denoting movement and force in a form metered by our eye
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Elements, Art, Movement
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Lalit Gopal Parashar
rights: Copyright (c) 2023 SRAI Journal of Linguistics and Social Sciences
date: 2023-06-14
publication date: 2023-06-14
starting page: 3
ending page: 12

A Glance on the Portrayal of Socio-economic Class Differences Among its Characters in the Novel "A Place Called Home" by Preeti Shenoy
type: item
description: Through the lens of Indian civilization, Preeti Shenoy's A Place Called Home examines the complex web of interpersonal ties. The purpose of this study is to provide a Marxist interpretation of the book, with an emphasis on the ways in which class conflict and discrimination based on social caste play out in the story. The first part of the book serves as an introduction to the story's main characters and topics. It emphasizes the importance of the setting in an Indian environment, where the points of intersection of class and caste systems play a vital part in determining the identities and destiny of the individuals. In the second section, the analysis via the Marxist perspective is discussed. It explains the key tenets of Marxist thought, with an emphasis on how the theory attempts to shed light on the hidden power structures of class-based society. Marx's criticism of caste discrimination as a tool to subjugate the working class and preserve social order is also discussed.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Indian civilization, Preeti Shenoy, Marxist analysis, Class, Caste, Social Discrimination, Social class, Marxism, Class Difference
  topic: keywords
creator: Areeba Batool
creator: Dr. Mamoona Khan
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 SRAI Journal of Linguistics and Social Sciences
date: 2024-12-14
publication date: 2024-12-14
starting page: 25
ending page: 35

mBanking and Financial Empowerment of Rural Women
type: item
description: Technological development has already been reached at almost every edge of human life. The technological invention makes the mobile phone convenient even for banking and financial systems. With the advent of smartphones and growing internet connectivity nowadays, it is much easier to access banking facilities at any time anywhere without visiting the bank physically. The mobile market is growing rapidly around the world and has opened up a huge market for financial institutions. Nowadays, financial institutions offer a range of monetary services to their customers through mobile phones such as fund transfer to own and other accounts, online account opening, investing in share market, etc. Thus, mobile banking or mBanking refers to the banking service that offers its customers to conduct financial transactions remotely through a mobile device such as a smartphone or tablet. Also, the mobile phones market is growing rapidly in the rural section, and the utility of mobile phones has become popular among rural women. These women are now showing their interest in the mobile banking system as many of them are small independent entrepreneurs and have started their online businesses using mobile phone facilities. Lately, technology has been portrayed as the solution to women's socioeconomic and political isolation in development discourse. Therefore, this paper will try to show the economic empowerment among rural women of Bolpur through using mobile banking technology. So, this study will be carried out by collecting the primary data from the rural section of Bolpur and the data will be analysed through a suitable analysis method accordingly.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Women Empowerment, mobile banking, mobile phones, rural women, Bolpur, economic empowerment.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Indrani Sarkar
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 SRAI Journal of Linguistics and Social Sciences
date: 2024-12-14
publication date: 2024-12-14
starting page: 2
ending page: 8

Pre-Darwinian Muslim Scholars’ Views on Evolution
type: item
description: Charles Darwin is believed to be the first proponent of the evolutionary theory. This paper theorizes another point of view in this regard. Many a Muslim philosopher had already discussed the concept of evolution in their writings prior to Darwin. The pre-Darwinian Muslim scholars provided sufficient materials to Darwin for his theory of evolution who gave it scientific language. John William Draper, a contemporary of Darwin, called it the "Mohammadan Theory of Evolution". Darwin himself knew Arabic and had the direct access to Arabic literature. He was initiated into Islamic Culture in the Faculty of Religion at the University of Cambridge. Thus, it can be said that he derived the raw material of his theory from oriental literature.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Charles Darwin, Muslim philosopher, Mohammadan Theory of Evolution, Islamic Culture, Arabic literature, University of Cambridge
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Muhammad Sultan Shah
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 SRAI Journal of Linguistics and Social Sciences
date: 2024-12-14
publication date: 2024-12-14
starting page: 9
ending page: 24

Heritage or Hurdle? Understanding the Decline of Urdu Among Pakistani Immigrants
type: item
description: Persian language enjoyed the status of official language of the subcontinent for centuries. The local took special interest in it and used this language in every sphere of life. It is why that even epigraphs and petrographs were inscribed with this language. Today, Persian epigraphs are found far and wide in Pakistan. But many of them could not bear the climatic effect and lost their original shapes. Only some of them could survive and these survived epigraphs and petrographs are the focus of this article.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Pakistani Persian Epigraphy, Pakistani Persian Petrograph, Zinda Pir, Lahore Museum
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Haj Seyed Javadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 SRAI Journal of Linguistics and Social Sciences
date: 2024-06-14
publication date: 2024-06-14
starting page: 23
ending page: 27

Status of Minorities in Islam
type: item
description: Islam has not ignores the status of minority. Minority is one of the top priorities of Islam. This article brings to the fore the very status which Islam gives to the minorities and which they enjoyed while living in the Islamic social set up. Islam not only gives minorities the right to live in an Islamic society but gives them protection. The idea\word “Dhimmis” gives minorities the protection in an Islamic society which they never entertain in their own. Whether it was the time of the holy Prophet, the Caliphs, the Abbasid’s or Umayyad everywhere in the Islamic society they enjoyed not only as minorities but they were allowed to build churches, join Islamic forces and to become vizirs etc.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Islam, Minority, Social set up, Dhimmis, Abbasid, Umayyad, Caliphs
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. S. Ali Anwar
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 SRAI Journal of Linguistics and Social Sciences
date: 2024-06-14
publication date: 2024-06-14
starting page: 13
ending page: 22

Sadequain: Conceptions and Misconceptions
type: item
description: Syed Sadequain Ahmed Naqvi (1930-1987) is considered one of the greatest artists of Pakistan. His multifaceted art remains unsurpassed in the first decade of the twenty-first century. He was a fine draftsman, a prolific calligrapher, a passionate painter and a veritable poet. In all these genres, he searched for a hidden truth, which he called reality of life. Many writers and historians have attempted to understand his concept of reality and his position as a fine artist, however, there is a need to analyze and develop a clear understanding of conceptions and misconceptions. This study explores some of the common conceptions and misconceptions about the art of Sadequain. It will also interpret Sadequain’s artistic style through formal and contextual analysis, so that a clear understanding of his art can be developed.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Syed Sadequain Ahmed Naqvi, Sadequain, misconception, Conceptions and Misconceptions
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Shahida Manzoor
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 SRAI Journal of Linguistics and Social Sciences
date: 2024-06-14
publication date: 2024-06-14
starting page: 3
ending page: 12

TRADITIONAL MATERIALS USED BY THE MINIATURE ARTISTS AN INTRODUCTORY STUDY
type: item
description: Previous generations of the artists evolved special methods of producing materials for their art works meant to last for centuries. Their success can be appreciated by the existence to day of centuries old paintings in private collections hanging in different museums of the world, whose papers are intact and colours are as fresh as new. Unfortunately not much has ever been documented because this was the kind of knowledge that traveled orally from generation to generation. Some meager documents that are available, does give the basic idea but much of that documentation need further research and verification because many of the materials and methods explained are not very authentic. The paper is an effort to investigate and research some materials used by the past artists on scientific basis.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Paper, Akbar, Lahori, Kashmiri, Sialkoti, Sirki, Wasli, Srivastava.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Kanwal Khalid
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 SRAI Journal of Linguistics and Social Sciences
date: 2022-12-14
publication date: 2022-12-14
starting page: 33
ending page: 40

Some Issues with the Orientalists’ Urdu-English Dictionaries
type: item
description: After their invasion in the sub-continent, the British rulers took great interest in the local languages in order to understand the beliefs, literature and folklore of the natives. They prepared materials and dictionaries in order to facilitate the learning of the local languages. The Urdu-English dictionaries written by them are of great merit as they mark the beginning of lexicography in the Indian sub-continent on sound principles. Despite being of great merit, these dictionaries do not measure up to the needs of the learners of English in Pakistan. Their needs and wants warrant the publishing of an Urdu-English learner’s dictionary which incorporates the new developments in the fields of lexicography, applied linguistics and information technology.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sub-continent, British rulers, Urdu-English dictionaries, lexicography, Orientalists
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Zafar Iqbal
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 SRAI Journal of Linguistics and Social Sciences
date: 2022-12-14
publication date: 2022-12-14
starting page: 21
ending page: 32

Students’ Belief about Arabic and Arabic Learning in Pakistani Universities
type: item
description: This is a first research of its kind to know the Pakistani students’ beliefs about learning Arabic language at post graduate level..208 students of M.A. Arabic from six Pakistani universities have participated in this study. Most of the items have been taken from BALLI with some changes. Few items have been developed by the researcher himself in religious and Pakistani context. All data have been analyzed using the SPSS version 15.0. Results indicate that overall male and female students hold similar beliefs about Arabic language learning, with nine items being statistically significant such as female students are more conscious than males about the understanding of Qur’an and Hadith.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Qur’an, Hadith, Arabic language, Pakistani universities,
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Haris Mubeen
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 SRAI Journal of Linguistics and Social Sciences
date: 2022-12-14
publication date: 2022-12-14
starting page: 3
ending page: 20

Abdul Majid Daryabadi and Orientalists’ Biographies of the Holy Prophet (PBUH)
type: item
description: The orientalists have been writing on Islam, Orient and the Holy Prophet (PBUH) for many centuries. But Islam and the Prophet of Islam have been the most misunderstood ones in the western intellectual sphere. The Prophet has been maligned shamelessly and has been dubbed as imposter and the “renegade cardinal” etc. Abdul Majid Daryabadi, taking stock of some positive contributions of the Orientalists has also explicated the real nature of Orientalism, coloured as it is with centuries-old prejudices, misgivings and misunderstandings of the west regarding Islam and the Holy Prophet (PBUH).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Holy Prophet (PBUH), Abdul Majid Daryabadi, Orientalists, Islam,
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Tehsin Firaqi
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 SRAI Journal of Linguistics and Social Sciences
date: 2022-06-14
publication date: 2022-06-14
starting page: 19
ending page: 28

A Study of the English Translations of Kashf al-Mahjub
type: item
description: Sayyed ‘Ali bin ‘Usman al-Hujwiri popularly known as Data Gunj Bakhsh is a much revered Sufi of great repute. He contributed a lot to spread the true message of Islam to the masses of the Punjab through his larger than life character. Besides preaching, he also wrote some books on different disciplines of Islam, of which is his famous treatise named “Kashf al-Mahjub” (The Unveiling of the Veiled). Since his work on Sufism presented in this book is of encyclopedic nature and a simple but comprehensive one, it soon attracted the attention of both his contemporaries and posterity. This is why the orientalists also turned to translate it into different European languages especially in English. The paper is an articulation of critical study of different translations of the book.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Sayyed ‘Ali bin ‘Usman al-Hujwiri, Data Gunj Bakhsh, Sufi, Kashf al-Mahjub
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Muhammad Sultan Shah
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 SRAI Journal of Linguistics and Social Sciences
date: 2022-06-14
publication date: 2022-06-14
starting page: 11
ending page: 18

Creativity is Life and Life is Creativity
type: item
description: This paper is formal and contextual analysis of Anna Molka Ahamd’s saying “Creativity is Life and Life is Creativity.” It explores the concept of creativity in relation to art and life in the light of artist’s life and aesthetic approach. Although, creativity is not synonymous to art but it is best displayed in a work of art. Anna devoted her life to teach art. For her, relationship between creativity and life is similar to one, one sees between life and soul. It is this relationship between corporeal and non-corporeal which is being explored. It is an attempt to shed light on the aesthetic approach, taken by one of the great artists of Pakistan, Prof. Anna Molka Ahamad.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Anna Molka Ahamd, Creativity is Life and Life is Creativity, Artist’s life, Aesthetic
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Shahida Manzoor
rights: Copyright (c) 2022 SRAI Journal of Linguistics and Social Sciences
date: 2022-06-14
publication date: 2022-06-14
starting page: 3
ending page: 9

Art Criticism in Pakistan: A Dilemma
type: item
description: This article highlights some of the fundamental misconceptions of art criticism in Pakistan. At one hand it draws the importance of art criticism in general, and on other hand it traces the shortcomings of art criticism in particular. It explores the ways art criticism should be understood. Usually, the word criticism conveys negative connotations. It is suggested that an art critic must understand the true spirit of art criticism and nature of art. A critic should have thorough knowledge of the formal and contextual properties of the artifacts. Art criticism in Pakistan is neither methodical nor systematic. There is a need that artists and art critics both should participate in the process of evaluation by adopting intrinsic and extrinsic methods of analysis. The article investigates some of the important philosophical concepts dealing with evaluation and judgment of art. It also examines the artist’s role as an evaluator of his own work and its impact on the subsequent generation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Art criticism, fundamental misconceptions, systematic, extrinsic methods of analysis
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Shahida Manzoor
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 SRAI Journal of Linguistics and Social Sciences
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
starting page: 39
ending page: 46

Behind The Veil: An Analytical study of political Domination of Mughal women
type: item
description: In fifteen and sixteen centuries Indian women were usually banished from public or political activity due to the patriarchal structure of Indian society. But it was evident through non-government arenas that women managed the state affairs like male sovereigns. This paper explores the construction of bourgeois ideology as an alternate voice with in patriarchy, the inscription of subaltern female body as a metonymic text of conspiracy and treachery. The narratives suggested the complicity between public and private subaltern conduct and inclination – the only difference in the case of harem or Zannaha, being a great degree of oppression and feminine self –censure. The gradual discarding of the veil (in the case of Razia Sultana and Nur Jahan in Middle Ages it was equivalents to a great achievement in harem of Eastern society). Although a little part, a pinch of salt in flour but this political interest of Mughal women indicates the start of destroying the patriarchy imposed distinction of public and private upon which western proto feminism constructed itself.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Fifteen and sixteen centuries, Indian women, political activity, Mughal Women
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Rukhsana Iftikhar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 SRAI Journal of Linguistics and Social Sciences
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
starting page: 25
ending page: 38

DISINTEGRATING SELVES: EXPLORING THE POSTCOLONIAL IDENTITY IN BILAL TANWEER’S THE SCATTER HERE IS TOO GREAT
type: item
description: This research paper undertakes a nuanced exploration of identity fragmentation in Bilal Tanweer's The Scatter Here Is Too Great through the lens of Frantz Fanon's postcolonial theory. The novel's portrayal of Karachi's violent and tumultuous landscape serves as a backdrop for the characters' struggles with identity and belonging. Furthermore, the novel’s non-linear narrative structure effectively mirrors the characters' disjointed experiences, revealing the profound impact of colonial history, migration, and displacement on their sense of self. Through Fanon’s concept of alienation, inferiority and dehumanization, this study demonstrates how the novel constructs a postcolonial consciousness haunted by historical trauma and modern chaos. Ultimately, it argues that postcolonial identity is a complex_ evolving construct__dynamically shaped by the intersections of history, memory, and violence.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Postcolonialism, Identity, Fragmentation, Violence, Neocolonialism, Fanon
  topic: keywords
creator: Faiza Jabbar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 SRAI Journal of Linguistics and Social Sciences
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
starting page: 19
ending page: 24

mBanking and Financial Empowerment of Rural Women
type: item
description: Technological development has already been reached at almost every edge of human life. The technological invention makes the mobile phone convenient even for banking and financial systems. With the advent of smartphones and growing internet connectivity nowadays, it is much easier to access banking facilities at any time anywhere without visiting the bank physically. The mobile market is growing rapidly around the world and has opened up a huge market for financial institutions. Nowadays, financial institutions offer a range of monetary services to their customers through mobile phones such as fund transfer to own and other accounts, online account opening, investing in share market, etc. Thus, mobile banking or mBanking refers to the banking service that offers its customers to conduct financial transactions remotely through a mobile device such as a smartphone or tablet. Also, the mobile phones market is growing rapidly in the rural section, and the utility of mobile phones has become popular among rural women. These women are now showing their interest in the mobile banking system as many of them are small independent entrepreneurs and have started their online businesses using mobile phone facilities. Lately, technology has been portrayed as the solution to women's socioeconomic and political isolation in development discourse. Therefore, this paper will try to show the economic empowerment among rural women of Bolpur through using mobile banking technology. So, this study will be carried out by collecting the primary data from the rural section of Bolpur and the data will be analysed through a suitable analysis method accordingly.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Women Empowerment, mobile banking, mobile phones, rural women, Bolpur, economic empowerment.
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Indrani Sarkar
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 SRAI Journal of Linguistics and Social Sciences
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
starting page: 13
ending page: 18

Arab rule in Pakistan(A Historical Study of the Abbasid period)
type: item
description: The Abbasid period of Arab-Muslim history is a period of, besides large-scale conquests, cultural expansion towards the remote areas of the Arab empire. As to the Province of Sindh (now called Pakistan), the Arab authorities, after taking a firm grip on the administration in Umayyad time, now started engaging themselves in other areas like academics, dissemination of Islam and its culture and social welfare of the local masses. But all this advancement was badly shaken by the internal strife, tribal clashes, political leg-pulling among the Arab ruling dynasties in Sindh. Resultantly, the Arab rule came to an end within three hundred years. In this short piece of research endeavor, we have analyzed the whole period of 275 years of the Abbasids discussing the contribution of every Arab provincial governor and later quasi-independent Arab states to the rise or fall of the Abbasid rule in the area.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Abbasid period, Arab-Muslim, Arab empire, Sindh, Umayyad time, Arab ruling
  topic: keywords
creator: Prof. Dr. Moqeet Javed
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 SRAI Journal of Linguistics and Social Sciences
date: 2025-12-18
publication date: 2025-12-18
starting page: 3
ending page: 12